The problem of recovering Isabel dos Santos’ assets in Portugal
In his recent speech to the United Nations General Assembly, the President of the Republic of Angola, João Lourenço, was incisive about the recovery of Angolan assets abroad.
“With regard to the recovery of assets, we have had two successful cases, in which the UK authorities took a very responsible attitude and respected our sovereignty (…) Unfortunately, not all the countries that agreed to receive these assets of corruption without questioning their origins at the time, today respect the judgments of our courts, which are mandatory. Some of these countries even arrogate to themselves the right to question the credibility of our courts, almost wanting to review the judgments issued by them, as if they were extra-territorial appellate bodies.[1] “
It is obvious that this question arises, and it arises in the case of Isabel dos Santos’ assets in Portugal, not because of the existence of decisions by Portuguese courts that call into question the Angolan courts – which has not happened so far – but because of the functioning or non-functioning of various criminal procedural rules. It is worth analyzing in as much detail as possible what has happened with Isabel dos Santos’ main assets in Portugal, in order to try to reach some conclusions.
THE SALE OF EUROBIC
Recently, a fact caught the public’s attention. The sale of Isabel dos Santos’ stake in the Portuguese bank EuroBic to ABANCA, a Spanish bank.
In the sale of Isabel dos Santos’ stake to the Spanish bank, some entities were identified as having Isabel dos Santos as the ultimate beneficiary, namely Santoro Financial Holding, SGPS, S.A. with 25% of the bank’s share capital and Finisantoro Holding Limited with 17.5% of the bank’s share capital, totaling 42.5%[2] . These holdings were subject to a preventive seizure decreed in several Portuguese criminal proceedings, namely nº 210/20.4TELSB, nº 26310/21.5T8LSB and nº 10314/22.3T8LSB.
Apparently, according to the public information available, the amount received by Isabel dos Santos for the sale to ABANCA, around 127.5 million euros, was held in escrow under the previous terms of participation,[3] although the exact terms are not entirely clear.
Two questions arise in relation to this asset and its possible recovery. The first is the nature of the preventive seizure made in connection with criminal proceedings.
Preventive distraint is a measure of criminal procedure, provided for in article 228 of the Portuguese Code of Criminal Procedure, which seeks to guarantee payments that the defendant will incur in the future, whether they are related to any pecuniary penalty, costs of the proceedings or any other debt to the state related to the crime, or related to the loss of the instruments, products and advantages of a typical illegal act or the payment of the corresponding amount.
It is therefore a provisional measure that can be revoked by a judge or declared extinct. Without going into too many legal considerations, what is certain is that this seizure does not factually guarantee that, in the end, the Angolan state will receive any of these sums, either because the criminal proceedings in Portugal are not concluded, they lapse or even because Isabel dos Santos is acquitted.
As things stand at the moment, the amount will only be definitively withdrawn from Isabel dos Santos’ sphere in the event of a final and unappealable conviction in the aforementioned cases, which will probably take ten years or more.
Other situations, such as a statute of limitations, acquittal or closure, imply that the sums will be handed over to Isabel dos Santos.
What’s more, even in the event of a conviction, the truth is that these proceedings take place in Portugal, and the costs associated with them will first be reimbursed by the Portuguese state.
In fact, there is a legal weakness in the measures taken by the authorities of both countries in relation to Isabel dos Santos, which could mean that over time there will be no benefits from all this judicial action, at least for Angola.
Another aspect, still linked to this sale, is that it wasn’t just Isabel dos Santos, but 100% of the bank’s capital.[4] This means that the other shareholders also sold their positions and received their sums. Their list is public, just as it is public that they are not the target of any criminal proceedings in the Luanda Leaks or related cases.[5] There is no suspicion against these other shareholders.
The relevant point is that they are former associates of Isabel dos Santos, who with her founded BIC in 2005 in Angola, and who then moved with her to the then Banco Português de Negócios (BPN), which they bought and renamed EuroBic. For example, Luanda Leaks wrote: “The bank’s [Eurobic] then-chairman, Fernando Teles, was a dos Santos business partner.[6] “
The question that remains open, given the information published, is the financial relationship between these shareholders and Isabel dos Santos, given that they are considered “business partners” and, above all, whether the judicial authorities have looked into the matter. In the absence of a public response, it is assumed that there is no relationship, but it would have been good if this aspect had been clarified.
The essential conclusion is that the recovery of Isabel dos Santos’ assets in relation to Eurobic may happen in the long term, but it is very fragile.
EFACEC
Another well-known asset was EFACEC. The story is well known and is currently being contested by Portuguese state audit bodies.[7] We do not follow the position of the Portuguese Court of Auditors in this regard. In fact, at the time, nationalizing the company was the best way to safeguard the company’s permanence and jobs. We must not forget the media impact of Luanda Leaks and the whole investigation into Isabel dos Santos, which acted like a vortex that made everything disappear. The questions raised by the Court of Auditors may have made sense downstream, in terms of public management problems and subsequent inattention, but at the moment, it was the best possible decision.
The fact is that EFACEC was nationalized by Decree-Law no. 33-A/2020, of July 2. According to this law, there will only be a right to compensation according to the value of the respective rights, assessed in the light of the assets and financial situation of the legal person on the date of entry into force of the nationalization act, and in calculating the compensation to be awarded to the holders of nationalized shareholdings, the value of the respective rights is calculated taking into account the actual net assets (articles 4 and 5 of Law no. 62-A/2008, of November 11). Now, given what the Court of Auditors says in its report now presented, according to which “public financing of 484 million euros was necessary, with the risk of rising to 564 million euros[8] “, it is easy to conclude that the value at the time of nationalization was negative, and there is nothing to compensate the owners of the company (Isabel dos Santos) or anyone who owes it by virtue of any criminal proceedings (the Angolan state).
EFACEC’s situation is straightforward. Nothing will be returned to the Angolan state, because the company was in a negative net position when it was nationalized.
NOS
Finally, Isabel dos Santos’s stake in NOS is a major issue in the Portuguese legal system. The company’s official information states that in March 2024, Isabel dos Santos’ position corresponded to 26.7% through ZOPT, SGPS, S.A. therefore, the companies Kento Holding Limited and Unitel International Holdings, BV, as well as Isabel dos Santos, being (i) Kento Holding Limited and Unitel International Holdings, BV, companies directly and indirectly controlled by Isabel dos Santos, and (ii) ZOPT, a company controlled by its shareholders Kento Holding Limited and Unitel International Holdings, BV .[9]
The situation of Isabel dos Santos’ position in this company deserves some attention, because it has undergone a remarkable evolution, which has probably gone unnoticed by many.
In a first phase, on “April 4, 2020, SONAECOM, SGPS, S.A. (“Sonaecom”), which holds 50% of the share capital of ZOPT, SGPS, S.A. (hereinafter “ZOPT”), was informed by its subsidiary of the communication received from the Central Criminal Investigation Court of Lisbon (hereinafter the Court) to proceed with the preventive seizure of 26.075% of the share capital of NOS, SGPS, SA, corresponding to half of the shareholding in NOS held by ZOPT and, indirectly, by the companies Unitel International Holdings, BV and Kento Holding Limited”, controlled by Isabel dos Santos.[10] “
Then.
“In September 2022, Sonaecom informed that at the General Meeting of ZOPT it was decided to proceed with the amortization of Sonaecom’s participation in that company and the restitution of the accessory payments made by Sonaecom, for a consideration that includes the delivery of shares representing 26.075% of the share capital of NOS. As a result of this amortization, which was subject to the applicable legal procedures, Sonaecom is no longer a shareholder of ZOPT, which is now fully owned by Unitel International Holdings, BV and Kento Holding Limited, companies controlled by Isabel do Santos.
In December 2022, Sonaecom, at the end of the legal procedures, informed that it directly held 134,322,268 ordinary shares in NOS, corresponding to 26.07% of the share capital.”
The result of this evolution is that Isabel dos Santos’ stake is no longer part of a block that controlled the capital and management of NOS and SONAE now has effective control of the company on its own (37.37%), since 31.56% of the capital is distributed among others who do not reach 5% individually. There has been a qualitative change in Isabel dos Santos’ position, possibly for the worse.
Therefore, Isabel dos Santos’ position ceased to be strategic and controlling and became a (possibly) “dormant” financial position, while SONAE’s position was strengthened.
There is no doubt that the Portuguese group SONAE has acted intelligently in a complicated situation, while Isabel’s position has degraded in terms of real valuation.
It should be noted that in the same report cited above (1H2024), the Board of Directors notes that “it is not aware of any possible developments in the preventive seizure process referred to above.” Therefore, it seems that the seizure remains in place, but under the same terms as the Eurobic seizure, meaning that the same considerations apply.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion we can reach is that for the Angolan state, the likelihood of obtaining the recovery of Isabel dos Santos’ assets in Portugal is distant in terms of time, and depends on various legal vicissitudes that may or may not occur, so there is justifiable fear that the words of the President of the Republic João Lourenço at the UN will come true.
In fact, only the triggering of the so-called “confiscation without judicial conviction” provided for in articles 109 and 110 of the Portuguese Penal Code could reverse the situation and lead to the immediate confiscation of these assets.
[1] http://www.embaixadadeangola.pt/discurso-presidente-joa%CC%83o-lourenc%CC%A7o-na-79a-sessa%CC%83o-da-assembleia-geral-da-onu/
[2] https://www.eurobicabanca.pt/eurobicabanca/informacao-financeira
[3] https://expresso.pt/economia/sistema-financeiro/2024-07-29-verbas-pagas-pelo-abanca-a-isabel-dos-santos-para-comprar-o-eurobic-estao-congeladas-7b33fe1d
[4] https://www.eurobicabanca.pt/eurobicabanca/noticias/ABANCA-conclui-compra-do-EuroBic
[5] https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/
[6] https://www.icij.org/investigations/luanda-leaks/how-africas-richest-woman-exploited-family-ties-shell-companies-and-inside-deals-to-build-an-empire/
[7] https://www.tcontas.pt/pt-pt/MenuSecundario/Noticias/Pages/n20240930-2.aspx
[8] https://www.tcontas.pt/pt-pt/MenuSecundario/Noticias/Pages/n20240930-2.aspx
[9] https://www.nos.pt/pt/institucional/investidores/nos-em-bolsa/estrutura-acionista
[10] See p.96 of the NOS Report and Accounts for the 1st Half of 2024.